Age Discrimination in the Public Sector Essay - 3256 Words

Age Discrimination in the Public Sector My topic of discussion will consist of an analysis on the subject of Age discrimination. Age discrimination generally is discriminating on the basis of age, which is illegal under the Federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), and the California Fair Employment and Housing Act (FEHA). Age discrimination has some special aspects that make it different from other types of employment discrimination. My research will discuss this more in detail. Included will be several court decisions of great importance, the history of the Age Discrimination Statute, and other important data in regards to Age discrimination. Also there is information included on how to file a complaint with the†¦show more content†¦The article can be found at the following site: http://www.clem.mscd.edu/~steinhas/minimizing.html. â€Å"Sketchy evidence that older workers experience discrimination because of their age is easy to find. The popular press includes many stories of individual employees who have been replaced by younger workers, sometimes just before they become eligible for lucrative retirement benefits. Older workers (in the past) were forced by mandatory retirement provisions to leave their jobs before they would otherwise have chosen to retire. Others who remain on the job claim that they confront hostile work environments or are demoted to less remunerative positions, with their age being the big factor. Concern by policymakers over these types of incidents prompted Congress to enact the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) in 1968, which outlawed discrimination in the workplace against workers between the ages of 40 and 65. Later amendments prohibited mandatory retirement before the age of 70 in 1978 (and then outlawed mandatory retirement altogether with a few exceptions) in 1986. During 1990, 10,485 complaints of age discrimination were filed with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.† 1 (Johnson and Neumark, pg. 779 , 1996 ) Age discrimination has some special aspects that make it different from other types of employment discrimination. I will also discuss a few. Included will be several court decisions on casesShow MoreRelatedHarrassment Is an Example of Discrinimation in Employment Essay example821 Words   |  4 PagesJob Discrimination by definition is the practice of using an individuals race, color, national origin, sex, or religion to make employment decisions related to hiring, firing, compensation, evaluations, promotions, and training. There is a lot of discrimination in employment and the example of discrimination that occur is Harassment. 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Indigenous Bilingual Education Programs in Australia

Introduction Despite Australia’s ever-growing multiculturalism, it has been found that ‘monolingualism is extraordinarily common in Australia throughout the general population and all occupational levels (Bostock, 1973).’ With such an array of cultures present, one would assume that Australian education systems would have endless bilingual programs in place. However, this is not the case. Despite the successes of bilingual education on a global scale, little effort has been made to preserve any Australian languages, meaning that language death has become an everyday factor that Indigenous individuals have to deal with (Wurm, 1991). This paper discusses the concept of bilingual education and its faults in the transition from theory to†¦show more content†¦The positives of bilingual education have been recognised on a global scale for years. 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Body What are the barriers to effective health promotion A number of refugees face problems of access to healthcare in Australia, with reasons fromRead MoreEnglish as a Medium of Instruction3396 Words   |  14 PagesEnglish as the medium of instruction in our schools. According to those who filed the petition, the push for the use of English in our classrooms will only lead to further deterioration of what?s already been described as a rather inferior quality of education. Those who support the 2003 Executive Order filed by President Arroyo on the other hand argue that doing away with English as the medium of instruction will inevitably hurt the country and our people more because they believe that a less competitive

The Baader Meinhof Gang Free Essays

The Baader Meinhof Gang, also known as the Red Army Faction, was one of the most active militant left-wing groups of postwar West Germany that gained prominence in the 1970s and 80s. Like may other radical communist groups of its time, it was formed with the objective of overthrowing social and political order to give rise to a totalitarian socialist state. Although the group described itself as a ‘Communist Urban Guerilla Group engaged in armed resistance’ its use of arms and weaponry quickly gained it the reputation of being one of the most deadly terrorist groups in Europe at that time. We will write a custom essay sample on The Baader Meinhof Gang or any similar topic only for you Order Now By the end of the 70s the group was responsible for over 30 killings and a series of bombings and kidnappings that aroused severe social and political unrest in the country. The Backdrop of Social Political Unrest The formation of the Baader Meinhof Group or Gang can be traced back to the social and political instability in West Germany in the late 1960s. As in many industrialized nations, young students and workers disillusioned with the ‘oppressive’ regimes of the capitalist government began to stage massive protests. Their objective was to fight for freedom and human rights and they brought issues such as anti-imperialism, racism and the Vietnam War to the forefront of radical politics. The ‘German student movement’ as it was later termed was fuelled by a series of events that took place in the arena of German politics. In 1956, the Communist Party of Germany was banned. Government positions were occupied by ex-Nazis resulting in anger and frustration at the ineffectiveness of de-Nazification after World War II. The media was considered biased as it was controlled by anti-radical conservatives. The mid 1960s saw the merging of the country’s two major political parties- the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SDP) and the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU) to form a new government. This was referred to as the ‘grand coalition’ in Germany in 1966, with a former Nazi, Kurt Georg Kiesinger, as chancellor. This development was received with outrage from the radicals who viewed it as a collusion of capitalist power as a convenient way to block out the left-wing opposition parties. Since 95% of the Bundestag (West German Parliament) was controlled by the coalition, a new opposition party was formed called the Ausserparlamentarische Opposition (APO) or Extra Parliamentary Opposition, with the objective of carrying out political activity and protests independent of the government. The APO provided a platform for student radicals to wage resistance against the coalition and played a central role in the German student movement. What started out as peaceful demonstrations turned into violent protests on June 2, 1967 when the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, visited West Berlin. During one such demonstration outside the opera house where he was visiting, German student, Benno Ohnesorg was shot in the head and killed. The police officer responsible for the shooting was later acquitted. Outrage of the radicals led to the creation of a new militant group called ‘Movement 2 June’, named after the date of Ohnesorg’s death. Formation of The RAF It was against the backdrop of this social and political environment and the impact of Ohnesorg’s death that led to the formation of an alliance between Thorwald Proll, Horst Sohnlein, Gudrun Ensslin and Andreas Baader. Together they detonated home made bombs in several Frankfurt department stores to protest against the Vietnam War. All four were subsequently arrested on April 2, 1967 and later convicted of arson and sentenced to three years imprisonment. Three of the members including Baader and Ensslin managed to escape during a special parole for political prisoners. Baader was soon recaptured, while the remaining members fled to France and Italy and hid underground. During his stay in prison, Andreas Baader gained permission to write a book on ‘organizing young people on the fringes of society’. For this he was granted the privilege of visiting a library accompanied by uniformed armed guards. It was during one such library visit in 1970 that Baader managed to escape with the help of left-wing journalist Ulrike Meinhof. It was here that the Baader-Meinhof duo came together, referring to their alliance as the Red Army Faction. Soon after, several members of the group went to Jordan where they received training in the use of arms by a military camp run by the Palestinian Liberation Organization. The Rise of the RAF Hereafter the RAF slowly grew to become one of the most prominent left-wing militant groups in West Germany and was engaged in numerous killings, bombings and robberies in attempt to get their message across through force. It attracted members and supporters from several other radical groups across the country such as the ‘Revolutionary Cells’, ‘Movement 2 June’, the ‘Situationsists’ and the ‘Socialist Patients’ Collective’. Its rules and mission were partly modeled after a revolutionary group in Uruguay called the ‘Tupamaros Movement’ which succeeded in bringing guerilla war against imperialist oppression, under Che Guevara’s government, from rural areas to metropolitan cities. To avoid capture, most members operated under code names and carried out terrorist activities under a single contract. In June 1972, Baader was recaptured along with his accomplice Jan-Carl Raspe, followed by his girlfriend Ensslin and later Meinhof. Although kept in solitary confinement in a high security prison – Stammheim Prison in Stuggart, the group members devised a means of communicating with one another through letters delivered through their lawyers. With the core members of the group in prison, the group’s activities were taken over by a second generation of militants whose aim now was to secure the release of its leaders. This led to some of the worst terrorist attacks in the group’s history. The German Autumn On April 24, 1975, the RAF occupied the German Embassy in Stockholm where it demanded the release of its leaders in return for the freeing of hostages. When the German government refused, the RAF murdered two of the hostages. Baader and his fellow accomplices were finally put on trial in May 1975 – one of the most long drawn out and costly trials in West German history. Exactly a year later in May 1976, Ulrike Meinhof was found dead in her prison cell after an apparent suicide in which she had hung herself with a rope of towels. As the trial progressed, a number of high profile attacks took place. These involved the killing of Federal Prosecutor Siegfried Buback at a traffic signal, along with his driver and body guard, by two members of the RAF in April 1977. Three months later, in July 1977, Juergen Ponto, the CEO of Dresdner Bank was shot and killed outside his home in the German town of Oberursel. The following September, Hans Martin Schleyer, head of the German Association of Employers and one of the most powerful industrialists in the country, was kidnapped after his driver and bodyguards were shot dead by RAF militants. After taking Schleyer hostage, the RAF demanded the release of eleven prisoners including the leaders of the RAF at Stammheim Prison. Under the advice of Chancellor Helmut Schmidt, the government decided not to accede and instead set up a crisis committee to investigate the whereabouts of Schleyer. Before the situation could be resolved, another attack took place which marked the culmination of terrorist activities associated with the RAF. This attack took place in October 1977 when Lufthansa flight 181 from Majorca to Frankfurt was hijacked by a group of Arabs who appeared to have close links with the RAF as they also demanded the release of the same prisoners as in the Schleyer case. The crisis committee again refused to give in to the hijackers demands, after which the flight captain was murdered and his body disposed of on a runway. A rescue operation was quickly put in motion led by under-secretary Hans Jurgen Wischenewski, during which the elite force of the German Federal Police were finally able to free the aircraft by shooting down all four hijackers. Shortly after, success of the rescue operation, with not a single passenger hurt, was made public by the media. The same night, three of the imprisoned RAF members – Baader, Ensslin and Raspe were found dead in their cells in what appeared to be a planned and collective suicide. The same night Schleyer was shot dead and the location of his executed body was communicated to the French press the following day. It was this string of bloody events that is frequently referred to as the German Autumn (Der Deutsche Herbst) The Downfall The ideology behind the 70s killings is still unclear and by the end of the 1970s the group’s sole objective appeared to be the release of its imprisoned leaders. The second generation of RAF members remained active in the 1980s gaining some East German support in the form of shelter and funding. The group continued to target prominent industrialists and executives and in 1985 murdered Ernst Zimmerman, CEO of a German engineering company. This was followed by a bombing at a US airforce base near Frankfurt which killed three. Seimen’s executive, Karl-Heinz Beckurts was killed by a car bomb in 1986. In 1989, Duetsche Bank chairman, Alfred Herrhausen was also killed by a car bomb planted by the RAF. As attacks continued throughout the 1980s and early 90s, the RAF attracted increasingly fewer supporters and less sympathy from the left. Its popularity quickly waned after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and after a long silence the group announced its dissolution in April 1998. References Alpert, Jane. (1987) The Baader-Meinhof Group: The Inside Story of a Phenomenon. Translated by Anthea Bell. London: Bodley Head. Becker, Jillian. (1977) Hitler’s Children: The Story of the Baader-Meinhof Terrorist Gang. Philadelphia: Lippincott. Katsiaficas, George. (1987) The Imagination of the New Left: A Global Analysis of 1968. Boston: Beacon Press. How to cite The Baader Meinhof Gang, Papers

Hippus Or Dolphin Fish Essay Example For Students

Hippus Or Dolphin Fish Essay Hippurus also known as Dolphin Fish, Dorado, or Mahi- Mahi. Is a large deep seafish that lives in tropical and subtropical seas. They can be found underfloating objects and have been known to follow boats. You will usually find aschool of them underneath a bunch of floating Sargasso. They are bright greenishblue above, and yellow on its sides. All over the sides of their bodies theyhave Irregular blue or golden blotches. They have the capability of flashingpurple, chartreuse, and a wide range of other colors. Their body tapers sharplyfrom head to tail. The profile of an adult males head is nearly vertical and thehead of a female is more sloping and rounded. Single dark dorsal fin from justhead to tail. They have about 65 rays extending down their back. The bad thingabout this fish when you go fishing for it, the color nearly instantaneouslyfades when the fish is decked. So you cant really enjoy the beautifulcoloration of the fish. They usually live for 2-3 years. So the mature very fastafter they are born. Dolphin fish is a very good exotic food. The actual food isusually known as Mahi- Mahi which is the Hawaiian name for the fish. This is agreat tasting fish and is not that expensive but is not an every day thing. Theflesh is very white and mild, ideal for broiling, too good to waste in a fryingpan. You can usually find it in sandwiches or on BBQ as a steak. It is a higherquality fish. Good fishing fish for deep-sea fishing. I have fished for Dolphinbefore and I highly recommend it.

A Comparison/Contrast of Book and DVD Version of William Shakespeare’s Othello Essay Example

A Comparison/Contrast of Book and DVD Version of William Shakespeare’s Othello Essay William Shakespeare is a known playwright and poet. He was born on April 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon. He is a son of a thriving Glover and his mother is a gentry’s daughter. He is regarded as the greatest dramatist and writer of the English language. Although he is long been dead, his works are largely used and regarded by many artists that occurred after him. Through centuries his works were not forgotten and his greatness was never undermined. It was believed by the conventional scholars that in between 1586 and 1612 that Shakespeare’s works have been created. He is one of those few artists who did a very well job in both comedy and tragedy. His plays and/or his works are characterized by complex characterization, poetic magnificence combined with a philosophical depth.Through the centuries and decades, like what I have mentioned earlier, Shakespeare’s works have lived, as a matter fact most of them were translated into various languages of different countries. He is also considered as the most quoted writer although there are people who have speculated a lot of things about Shakespeare like his sexual preference, religious membership, even the authorship of some works that were attributed as his. When he moved to London, he became a writer there at the same time he is a co-owner of a playing company named Lord Chamberlain’s Men. That name was taken from their aristocratic sponsor, and its popularity gave way to its adoption by James I. After his death, his remains were buried in the chancel of the Holy Trinity Church and there is a monument that was built for him. In his tomb, you will see his epitaph,â€Å"Good friend, for Jesus sake forbear,To dig the dust enclosed here.Blest be the man that spares these stones,And cursed be he that moves my bones.†[1]On the other hand, one of the renowned actress and director in South Africa is Janet Suzman. He was born on February 1939 in Johannesburg. Her first ever show is Billy Liar held at the Tower Theatre where she played the character of Liz. In 1963 she became a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company where she was a given a chance to play different characters in various Shakespeare’s works. Her stage appearances were influenced mainly by Shakespeare and other classicists. During the sixty’s and early seventy’s she appeared in numerous British television drama. She has directed Shakespeare’s Othello in his native land – South Africa and this was held in Market Theatre, Johannesburg. She is also known for her authorship of the book entitled, â€Å"Acting with Shakespeare: Three Comedies†.   This is based on a sequence of acting master classes.From the facts of William Shakespeare and Janet Suzman stated above it can be seen that the latter got her influences from Shakespeare himself. Her works are mainly connected with the works done by Shakespeare in his time. There is no point that the two artists be compared be cause they both have distinct and separate existence. Shakespeare will always be Shakespeare, same goes to Suzman. The two artists have different descent, Shakespeare is known in Europe while Suzman is known in South Africa. Another factor is that Suzman regard Shakespeare as an idol and she was inspired by Shakespeare’s works. She has directed Othello because her works are inclined with the works of Shakespeare. Not to mention that the main character of the story has personal touch to her because Othello, like Suzman came from Africa. It can also be noticed that Shakespeare has created different woks that are being used until today; he became the major contributor to the works of the great contemporary artists.Othello is considered as one of the four great tragedies created by Shakespeare. The other three are Hamlet, King Lear, and MacBeth. Othello is also considered by the critics as the support of the zenith of dramatic art made by Shakespeare. What separates Othello from other tragic works of Shakespeare is the character of Iago. He has his own diabolical role that exudes in the story. He is also the main writer of the primary plot and gives way to the other characters such as and most importantly to Othello, the dignified Moor. The central themes of the play are the art of seeing and the break between appearance and reality. It also shed light to patriarchy and political state.The full title of the play is, â€Å"The Tragedy of Othello, The Moor of Venice†, its genre is tragedy and it was written using English language. It was written in England sometime in between 1601 and 1604 but it was first published in 1622 and its publisher is named Thomas Walkley. The protagonist is Othello. The major conflict is brought about by Iago who is very envious of Othello. He (Iago), made Othello believe that his wife Desdemona is unfaithful to him. The rising action is when the schemes of Iago came out. He then insistently tells Othello that his wife is ha ving an affair with Cassio. The climax is when Othello professed to Iago that he would seek a bloody revenge. The falling action is when Othello found out that Iago is lying to him all along, that he is just making up the story.The book version of William Shakespeare’s Othello, he has built a powerful drama involving marriage. It started when Othello and Desdemona eloped. Theirs is a fascination with intense devotion. But it all ended up in a tragedy – in unsupported jealousy and violent deaths. Othello before stabbing himself cried out loud and said,â€Å"I kissd thee ere I killd thee.No way but this/Killing myself,To die upon a kiss.†[2]The story happened somewhere in the Mediterranean to Venice then moved to Cyprus which highlighted the lead character’s African past. There are a lot of differences in the story, like the issue of race, age, and cultural roots. With these factors it is not surprising that the marriage has ended badly. But this does not m ean that everything is just about the tragic part because it in the story Othello and Desdemona have showed great love for each other. Love that can conquer everything, but the great love they have for each other was destroyed because of the envy of other people specifically, Iago. With his bested interest and greed for power, and his needs to overthrow Othello he destroyed the former by destroying the love he has for his wife. Iago manipulated everyone; he made Othello believe into his dirty schemes while Desdemona have suffered because of that. Othello have said,â€Å"Now, by yond marble, heaven,In due reverence of a sacred vow,I here enrage my words.†[3]But it can be seen how the lead character still trustful and generous though he have experienced cruelty of life. What have happened in the story can be related to our present time. As we all know, today, we are all sensitive of the issues concerning race, class, and gender. These issues are very big deal that many concerne d groups are doing their best to eliminate the distinction. Everyone is trying their best to produce a world that there is peace and people do not vary much. In the story, Othello and Desdemona have different race because he is black, she is white. Their intermarriage is the main sentiment of Iago that manifested in the whole story. As for class, it can be seen in the character of Iago, he is inferior thus he makes other people’s life miserable. As for gender, it is noticeable that in the story the characters of Desdemona, Bianca, and Emilia remind the people and/or the audience that long time ago, every society is dominated by men. A society is run by men, the power is in their hands thus making women total powerless and can do nothing but to follow the men who rule over them.Scholars believe that Othello was written by Shakespeare in 1603. This was performed at court and its ever initial publication was in 1622. There was a Folio in 1623 where there is an included more full text of the story. In writing the story, Shakespeare got his inspiration from different renowned works of different notable artists.Janet Suzman’s version of Othello is a protest play that will tackle the issue of Apartheid in Africa. The context of the film is very important that it needs to have very strong details. There was no intention of filming the play because it was not feasible then. But after lifting the Immorality Act which bars the intermarriage the plans came to life. But it was still considered as an ambitious project because it will be the first time for Suzman to direct a movie. Othello under Suzman’s direction was the first one to feature a really black Othello. The performance was done with a mixed audience. After having the first kissed done by the couple in the film, some audience have walked out, the company even received numerous hate mails. The movie was starred by John Kani, Richard Haines, and Joanna Weinberg who plays Othello, Iago, and Desd emona respectively. Janet Suzman also shared what had Kani comment when he was doing the film, he, Kani said that he understands the agony Othello feels in the story but he can not perform and/or do the love because he have the impression that whites should be hated. He has also having a hard time in speaking English thus making the right pronunciation difficult.The film brings Suzman’s message. Her dreams and hopes for South Africa entangled in what happened to Othello. Her vision for South Africa is like the vision of Shakespeare to Venice. That there should be peace, understanding, and tolerance and during that time, the outcome and the repercussions of the movie are not yet determined. But today, the world has changed and the issue of apartheid has resolved. The story of Othello will remain and it will serve as model for each of us that everything is possible thus we should be careful with our every decision. We will never know who is the one that will stand by us or the one who will break us.The book and the DVD version are one and the same. It’s just that Shakespeare and Suzman have different places as to where they will relate the story. They both have the same approach. It’s like true to life because it tackles issue that is really happening and does not only happen in movies. A Comparison/Contrast of Book and DVD Version of William Shakespeare’s Othello Essay Example A Comparison/Contrast of Book and DVD Version of William Shakespeare’s Othello Essay William Shakespeare is a known playwright and poet. He was born on April 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon. He is a son of a thriving Glover and his mother is a gentry’s daughter. He is regarded as the greatest dramatist and writer of the English language. Although he is long been dead, his works are largely used and regarded by many artists that occurred after him. Through centuries his works were not forgotten and his greatness was never undermined. It was believed by the conventional scholars that in between 1586 and 1612 that Shakespeare’s works have been created. He is one of those few artists who did a very well job in both comedy and tragedy. His plays and/or his works are characterized by complex characterization, poetic magnificence combined with a philosophical depth.Through the centuries and decades, like what I have mentioned earlier, Shakespeare’s works have lived, as a matter fact most of them were translated into various languages of different countries. He is also considered as the most quoted writer although there are people who have speculated a lot of things about Shakespeare like his sexual preference, religious membership, even the authorship of some works that were attributed as his. When he moved to London, he became a writer there at the same time he is a co-owner of a playing company named Lord Chamberlain’s Men. That name was taken from their aristocratic sponsor, and its popularity gave way to its adoption by James I. After his death, his remains were buried in the chancel of the Holy Trinity Church and there is a monument that was built for him. In his tomb, you will see his epitaph,â€Å"Good friend, for Jesus sake forbear,To dig the dust enclosed here.Blest be the man that spares these stones,And cursed be he that moves my bones.†[1]On the other hand, one of the renowned actress and director in South Africa is Janet Suzman. He was born on February 1939 in Johannesburg. Her first ever show is Billy Liar held at the Tower Theatre where she played the character of Liz. In 1963 she became a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company where she was a given a chance to play different characters in various Shakespeare’s works. Her stage appearances were influenced mainly by Shakespeare and other classicists. During the sixty’s and early seventy’s she appeared in numerous British television drama. She has directed Shakespeare’s Othello in his native land – South Africa and this was held in Market Theatre, Johannesburg. She is also known for her authorship of the book entitled, â€Å"Acting with Shakespeare: Three Comedies†.   This is based on a sequence of acting master classes.From the facts of William Shakespeare and Janet Suzman stated above it can be seen that the latter got her influences from Shakespeare himself. Her works are mainly connected with the works done by Shakespeare in his time. There is no point that the two artists be compared be cause they both have distinct and separate existence. Shakespeare will always be Shakespeare, same goes to Suzman. The two artists have different descent, Shakespeare is known in Europe while Suzman is known in South Africa. Another factor is that Suzman regard Shakespeare as an idol and she was inspired by Shakespeare’s works. She has directed Othello because her works are inclined with the works of Shakespeare. Not to mention that the main character of the story has personal touch to her because Othello, like Suzman came from Africa. It can also be noticed that Shakespeare has created different woks that are being used until today; he became the major contributor to the works of the great contemporary artists.Othello is considered as one of the four great tragedies created by Shakespeare. The other three are Hamlet, King Lear, and MacBeth. Othello is also considered by the critics as the support of the zenith of dramatic art made by Shakespeare. What separates Othello from other tragic works of Shakespeare is the character of Iago. He has his own diabolical role that exudes in the story. He is also the main writer of the primary plot and gives way to the other characters such as and most importantly to Othello, the dignified Moor. The central themes of the play are the art of seeing and the break between appearance and reality. It also shed light to patriarchy and political state.The full title of the play is, â€Å"The Tragedy of Othello, The Moor of Venice†, its genre is tragedy and it was written using English language. It was written in England sometime in between 1601 and 1604 but it was first published in 1622 and its publisher is named Thomas Walkley. The protagonist is Othello. The major conflict is brought about by Iago who is very envious of Othello. He (Iago), made Othello believe that his wife Desdemona is unfaithful to him. The rising action is when the schemes of Iago came out. He then insistently tells Othello that his wife is ha ving an affair with Cassio. The climax is when Othello professed to Iago that he would seek a bloody revenge. The falling action is when Othello found out that Iago is lying to him all along, that he is just making up the story.The book version of William Shakespeare’s Othello, he has built a powerful drama involving marriage. It started when Othello and Desdemona eloped. Theirs is a fascination with intense devotion. But it all ended up in a tragedy – in unsupported jealousy and violent deaths. Othello before stabbing himself cried out loud and said,â€Å"I kissd thee ere I killd thee.No way but this/Killing myself,To die upon a kiss.†[2]The story happened somewhere in the Mediterranean to Venice then moved to Cyprus which highlighted the lead character’s African past. There are a lot of differences in the story, like the issue of race, age, and cultural roots. With these factors it is not surprising that the marriage has ended badly. But this does not m ean that everything is just about the tragic part because it in the story Othello and Desdemona have showed great love for each other. Love that can conquer everything, but the great love they have for each other was destroyed because of the envy of other people specifically, Iago. With his bested interest and greed for power, and his needs to overthrow Othello he destroyed the former by destroying the love he has for his wife. Iago manipulated everyone; he made Othello believe into his dirty schemes while Desdemona have suffered because of that. Othello have said,â€Å"Now, by yond marble, heaven,In due reverence of a sacred vow,I here enrage my words.†[3]But it can be seen how the lead character still trustful and generous though he have experienced cruelty of life. What have happened in the story can be related to our present time. As we all know, today, we are all sensitive of the issues concerning race, class, and gender. These issues are very big deal that many concerne d groups are doing their best to eliminate the distinction. Everyone is trying their best to produce a world that there is peace and people do not vary much. In the story, Othello and Desdemona have different race because he is black, she is white. Their intermarriage is the main sentiment of Iago that manifested in the whole story. As for class, it can be seen in the character of Iago, he is inferior thus he makes other people’s life miserable. As for gender, it is noticeable that in the story the characters of Desdemona, Bianca, and Emilia remind the people and/or the audience that long time ago, every society is dominated by men. A society is run by men, the power is in their hands thus making women total powerless and can do nothing but to follow the men who rule over them.Scholars believe that Othello was written by Shakespeare in 1603. This was performed at court and its ever initial publication was in 1622. There was a Folio in 1623 where there is an included more full text of the story. In writing the story, Shakespeare got his inspiration from different renowned works of different notable artists.Janet Suzman’s version of Othello is a protest play that will tackle the issue of Apartheid in Africa. The context of the film is very important that it needs to have very strong details. There was no intention of filming the play because it was not feasible then. But after lifting the Immorality Act which bars the intermarriage the plans came to life. But it was still considered as an ambitious project because it will be the first time for Suzman to direct a movie. Othello under Suzman’s direction was the first one to feature a really black Othello. The performance was done with a mixed audience. After having the first kissed done by the couple in the film, some audience have walked out, the company even received numerous hate mails. The movie was starred by John Kani, Richard Haines, and Joanna Weinberg who plays Othello, Iago, and Desd emona respectively. Janet Suzman also shared what had Kani comment when he was doing the film, he, Kani said that he understands the agony Othello feels in the story but he can not perform and/or do the love because he have the impression that whites should be hated. He has also having a hard time in speaking English thus making the right pronunciation difficult.The film brings Suzman’s message. Her dreams and hopes for South Africa entangled in what happened to Othello. Her vision for South Africa is like the vision of Shakespeare to Venice. That there should be peace, understanding, and tolerance and during that time, the outcome and the repercussions of the movie are not yet determined. But today, the world has changed and the issue of apartheid has resolved. The story of Othello will remain and it will serve as model for each of us that everything is possible thus we should be careful with our every decision. We will never know who is the one that will stand by us or the one who will break us.The book and the DVD version are one and the same. It’s just that Shakespeare and Suzman have different places as to where they will relate the story. They both have the same approach. It’s like true to life because it tackles issue that is really happening and does not only happen in movies.

USS Hornet (CV-12) in World War II

USS Hornet (CV-12) in World War II USS Hornet (CV-12) - Overview: Nation: United States Type: Aircraft Carrier Shipyard: Newport News Shipbuilding Company Laid Down: August 3. 1942 Launched: August 30, 1943 Commissioned: November 29, 1943 Fate: Museum Ship USS Hornet (CV-12) - Specifications: Displacement: 27,100 tons Length: 872 ft. Beam: 147 ft., 6 in. Draft: 28 ft., 5 in. Propulsion: 8 Ãâ€" boilers, 4 Ãâ€" Westinghouse geared steam turbines, 4 Ãâ€" shafts Speed: 33 knots Range: 20,000 nautical miles at 15 knots Complement: 2,600 men USS Hornet (CV-12) - Armament: 4 Ãâ€" twin 5 inch 38 caliber guns4 Ãâ€" single 5 inch 38 caliber guns8 Ãâ€" quadruple 40 mm 56 caliber guns46 Ãâ€" single 20 mm 78 caliber guns Aircraft 90-100 aircraft USS Hornet (CV-12) - Design Construction: Designed in the 1920s and early 1930s, the US Navys Lexington- and Yorktown-class aircraft carriers were built to conform to the restrictions set forth by the Washington Naval Treaty. This pact placed restrictions on the tonnage of different types of warships as well as capped each signatorys overall tonnage. These types of limitations were affirmed through the 1930 London Naval Treaty. As global tensions increased, Japan and Italy left the agreement in 1936. With the collapse of the treaty system, the US Navy began conceiving a design for a new, larger class of aircraft carrier and one which drew from the lessons learned from the Yorktown-class. The resulting design was wider and longer as well as included a deck-edge elevator system. This had been used earlier on USS Wasp. In addition to carrying a larger air group, the new design possessed a greatly increased anti-aircraft armament. Designated the Essex-class, the lead ship, USS Essex (CV-9), was laid down in April 1941. This was followed by several additional carriers including USS Kearsarge (CV-12) which was laid down on August 3, 1942 as World War II raged. Taking shape at Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company, the ships name honored the steam sloop USS which defeated CSS Alabama during the Civil War. With the loss of USS Hornet (CV-8) at the Battle of Santa Cruz in October 1942, the name of the new carrier was changed to USS Hornet (CV-12) to honor its predecessor. On August 30, 1943, Hornet slid down the ways with Annie Knox, wife of Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox, serving as sponsor. Eager to have the new carrier available for combat operations, the US Navy pushed its completion and the ship was commissioned on November 29 with Captain Miles R. Browning in command. USS Hornet (CV-8) - Early Operations: Departing Norfolk, Hornet proceeded to Bermuda for a shakedown cruise and to commence training. Returning to port, the new carrier then made preparations to depart for the Pacific. Sailing on February 14, 1944, it received orders to join Vice Admiral Marc Mitschers Fast Carrier Task Force at Majuro Atoll. Arriving in the Marshall Islands on March 20, Hornet then moved south to provide support for General Douglas MacArthurs operations along the northern coast of New Guinea. With the completion of this mission, Hornet mounted raids against the Caroline Islands before preparing for the invasion of the Marianas. Reaching the islands on June 11, the carriers aircraft took part in attacks on Tinian and Saipan before turning their attention to Guam and Rota. USS Hornet (CV-8) - Philippine Sea Leyte Gulf: After strikes to the north on Iwo Jima and Chichi Jima, Hornet returned to the Marianas on June 18. The next day, Mitschers carriers prepared to engage the Japanese in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. On June 19, Hornets planes attacked airfields in the Marianas with the goal of eliminating as many land-based aircraft as possible before the Japanese fleet arrived. Successful, American carrier-based aircraft later destroyed several waves of enemy aircraft in what became known as the Great Marianas Turkey Shoot. American strikes the next day succeeded in sinking the carrier Hiyo. Operating from Eniwetok, Hornet spent the remainder of the summer mounting raids on the Marianas, Bonins, and Palaus while also attacking Formosa and Okinawa. In October, Hornet provided direct support for the landings on Leyte in the Philippines before becoming embroiled in the Battle of Leyte Gulf. On October 25, the carriers aircraft provided support for elements of Vice Admiral Thomas Kinkaids Seventh Fleet when they came under attack off Samar. Striking the Japanese Center Force, the American aircraft hastened its withdrawal. Over the next two months, Hornet remained in the area supporting Allied operations in the Philippines. With the beginning of 1945, the carrier moved to attack Formosa, Indochina, and the Pescadores before conducting photo reconnaissance around Okinawa. Sailing from Ulithi on February 10, Hornet took part in strikes against Tokyo before turning south to support the invasion of Iwo Jima. USS Hornet (CV-8) - Later War: In late March, Hornet moved to provide cover for the invasion of Okinawa on April 1. Six days later, its aircraft aided in defeating Japanese Operation Ten-Go and sinking the battleship Yamato. For the next two months, Hornet alternated between conducting strikes against Japan and providing support for Allied force on Okinawa. Caught in a typhoon on June 4-5, the carrier saw approximately 25 feet of its forward flight deck collapse. Withdrawn from combat, Hornet returned to San Francisco for repairs. Completed on September 13, shortly after the wars end, the carrier returned to service as part of Operation Magic Carpet. Cruising to the Marianas and Hawaii, Hornet helped return American servicemen to the United States. Finishing this duty, it arrived at San Francisco on February 9, 1946 and was decommissioned the following year on January 15. USS Hornet (CV-8) - Later Service Vietnam: Placed in the Pacific Reserve Fleet, Hornet remained inactive until 1951 when it moved to the New York Naval Shipyard for an SCB-27A modernization and conversion into an attack aircraft carrier. Re-commissioned on September 11, 1953, the carrier trained in the Caribbean before departing for the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean. Moving east, Hornet aided in the search for survivors from a Cathay Pacific DC-4 which was downed by Chinese aircraft near Hainan. Returning to San Francisco in December 1954, it remained on the West Coast training until assigned to the 7th Fleet in May 1955. Arriving in the Far East, Hornet aided in evacuating anti-communist Vietnamese from the northern part of the country before commencing routine operations off Japan and the Philippines. Steaming to Puget Sound in January 1956, the carrier entered the yard for a SCB-125 modernization which included the installation of an angled flight deck and a hurricane bow. Emerging a year later, Hornet returned to the 7th Fleet and made multiple deployments to the Far East. In January 1956, the carrier was selected for conversion to an anti-submarine warfare support carrier. Returning to Puget Sound that August, Hornet spent four months undergoing alterations for this new role. Resuming operations with the 7th Fleet in 1959, the carrier conducted routine missions in the Far East until the beginning of the Vietnam War in 1965. The next four years saw Hornet make three deployments to the waters off Vietnam in support of operations ashore. During this period, the carrier also became involved in recovery missions for NASA. In 1966, Hornet recovered AS-202, an unmanned Apollo Command Module before being designated the primary recovery ship for Apollo 11 three years later. On July 24, 1969, helicopters from Hornet recovered Apollo 11 and its crew after the first successful moon landing. Brought aboard, Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins were housed in a quarantine unit and visited by President Richard M. Nixon. On November 24, Hornet performed a similar mission when it recovered Apollo 12 and its crew near American Samoa. Returning to Long Beach, CA on December 4, the carrier was selected for deactivation the following month. Decommissioned on June 26, 1970, Hornet moved into reserve at Puget Sound. Later brought to Alameda, CA, the ship opened as a museum October 17, 1998. Selected Sources DANFS: USS Hornet (CV-12)USS Hornet MuseumNavSource: USS Hornet (CV-12)

Nursing - Healing Hospital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing - Healing Hospital - Essay Example Finally, the paper will include some of the biblical aspects that back up healing hospital concept. To begin with, these components include safety, respect, compassion, trust, and creating of positive results in people’s lives and health. Healing hospital involves a concept whereby a progressive or continuous loving care chain is executed throughout the entire organization using kindness and skills from every caregiver. This happens even with the leaders and is done to patients and sometimes vice versa. Workers, in health institutions are obliged to envelop or seal the spirit of real love, integration, selflessness, and compassion when handling their patients and co-workers. A point to note is that caring does not involve staff to patients alone, it also exists among the workers or staff members themselves. Spirituality begins from the top leaders to the upper management, middle management employees, and down to the normal or subordinate members. In order to successfully deal with patients and give them enough care, the staff must possess passion, a necessary and one of the core values for handling patients with enough affection and professionalism (Chapman, 2007). Passion for an individual is having passion for the passion fully irrespective of his or her disadvantages, shortcomings or mistakes. Passion for another person or patient should involved being passionate about the personality of the individual from their spirit, body and even their minds and thoughts. In considerations to all these healing components, love appears to be the fundamental or core area of healing in any hospital or health related institution. Finally, spirituality also has a great influence on the patients involved in healing process. It has a positive effect since the body, spirit and mind all work together to attain a common goal, which is ensuring health and rational personality within a person. There are several challenges affecting the process of healing hospitals. To begin with, very few people fail to comprehend spirituality due to its spirituality and many view it as a complex word in the hospital healing context. The description and definition of spirituality is always considered at the individual level and observed as innate in character. It becomes a challenging task to discover and understand someone’s beliefs in spiritual matters. Psychologically, spirituality is developed when a person is born. It always depends on the a person‘s immediate environment. Therefore, it always becomes a tough decision to influence or convince a person into believing in a given spiritual concept being introduced (Chapman, 2007). Comprehending another person’s emotions is also a hindrance and a challenge to the success of hospital healing. One may be very emotional and radical in his or her beliefs but does not show these characters until he or she is provoked. Coming up with an environment where stress has been minimized. Creation of a good envi ronment for hospital healing has also been proven to be a core hindrance to hospital healing process or efforts. Poor physical environmental condition within the hospital vicinity undoubtedly hinders hospital healing among patients and staff members as well. For instance, when the hospital is located in an area where air quality is low, the probability that patients will get healed and recover from their illness will almost be negligible. This not only affects

Researching the Field of Adult Learning Research Paper

Researching the Field of Adult Learning - Research Paper Example ESL hereby stands for English as a Second Language. In other words, adult education system is more popular as a distance education. However, distance educational system is considered as one of the rapidly emerging modes of education. Growth within the field has herewith led the informal and formal education trends to a higher level (Veletsianos, 2010). During adult education practice, students greater and proper attention is in demand for focused guidelines and assistance from their peers as well as teachers. In case of ESL, adults require greater support and motivation for adopting the learning skills majorly owing to the fact that they practice a separate mother tongue. In this regard, technological adoption in ESL program is expected to be more beneficial for those who are interested in learning ESL. Contextually, technological invention is the main evidence of the new emerging educational system wherein the use of internet, computers, cells phones, laptops and many other digital devises in the teaching process as well as in the classrooms has been proved to be beneficial. In ESL process, technological innovation is useful for better communication. It is also observed that communication process is helpful in adopting the language within a shorter time span as compared to the conventional system. Contextually, adult students are more frequent about the use of various technical devices. Proper usage of technical devices in ESL will be helpful for quick learning (Araya & Gamboa, 2012; Choitz & Prince, 2008). Technological invention in distance education is also getting more popular day by day. Hence, it has been observed that technological invention in adult educational system is a positive initiative as it is more competent in providing better opportunities to the people (Merriam, & Grace, 2011). In case of ESL, the usage of technical devices has been playing an important role for both the learners

Exercise one Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Exercise one - Essay Example The Appalachian Mountains is distributed in four major sections, these are the Appalachian plateau, ridge and valley, Blue Ridge and the Piedmont. Mount Mitchel is the uppermost summit point located along the low mountain range estimated approximately 6,684 feet. The ridges are evidently the hallmark of the Appalachian ridges. The Valley and Ridge and the Blue Ridge is made of rock formation that are narrow and differentiate the mountains from the neighboring valleys. The ridge tops extend to over a thousand feet above the neighboring valleys and are surrounded by serrated and rough sandstones. The top level of the valleys in the Appalachian Mountains are composed of shales and siltstones. Evidently, a great portion of the Appalachian Mountains is covered in thick forest tress that form a canopy all over the mountain range. On higher level of the mountain, it is engulfed in evergreen forests consistent with spruce and fir. On the other hand, the lower regions of the mountain is cover ed by trees with broad leaves like oaks and

The Bounce Of A Ball Physical Education Essay

The Bounce Of A Ball Physical Education Essay The bounce height of the ball is a function of the intrinsic qualities of the ball. Elevating the ball to a certain height will cause it to gain gravitational potential energy that is equal to the amount given by the equation E = mass x gravity x height. (The value of gravity on earth is approximately 9.81m/s ²) Therefore, the higher the ball is, the higher the potential energy it has. When the ball is dropped, the gravitational potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy, which is given by the equation E= 0.5 x mass x velocity ². In perfectly elastic collisions, the total kinetic energy of the two bodies that collide stays the same. In inelastic collisions, some of the kinetic energy is lost to internal molecular movement. When a ball is dropped from a certain height and collides with the ground, it is an inelastic collision. Therefore, some of the balls kinetic energy is lost to internal molecular forces, and it has less potential energy than it did before and therefore reduces its bounce height. Thus, a ball that is dropped from a certain height will bounce to a height that is less than the original level from which it was dropped. The physical properties of the ball determine the extent to which the collision will be inelastic. Some materials, such as rubber, preserve more of the kinetic energy, while other materials will dissipate it to a greater extent. That is why different kinds of balls will bounce to different heights after they are dropped. Variables The variables in my investigation will be: Height from where the ball is dropped Mass of the ball. Temperature of the ball. Material of the ball. Surface area of the ball. The velocity with which the ball is dropped. My independent variable will be the height(s) from which I drop the ball as I will be changing this in a uniform manner. I will start with a height of 50cm and add 50cm consecutively for each experiment until a total height of 250cm. The dependant variable will be the height that the ball reaches once it bounces as this value will depend on the height that the ball is dropped from. In order to keep the experiment a fair test, the following will be kept constant: Mass of the ball. Material of the ball. Surface that the ball is bounced on. The velocity at which the ball is dropped. Surface area of the ball. In all of the experiments, the ball will be dropped from just above its mark. Ie : The edge of the ball will be touching the 50cm mark for when it is being dropped from 50cm. The same will be repeated for all experiments. Apparatus A bouncing ball Rulers To measure the height that the ball is dropped from and to measure the height of the bounce. Balance To measure the mass of the ball. Tape To hold the rulers against the wall. Method I will begin by measuring the mass of the ball. I will then tape the rulers against a wall. I will then drop the ball from a height of 50cm and record the height of the bounce. I will record the results in a suitable table. I will then repeat the same experiment another 4 times so as to get 5 readings in total to ensure that readings are more accurate. I will then repeat the experiment, dropping the ball from a height of 100cm this time. This will continue with the height from where the ball is dropped increasing by 50cm each time until the final height is 250cm. Each height will have 5 corresponding readings. Readings Initial height of Ball ( ±0.0005m) Height of Bounce ( ±0.0005m) Test 1 (cm) Test 2 (cm) Test 3 (cm) Test 4 (cm) Test 5 (cm) Average (cm) 50cm 40.6 41.4 39.5 39.1 40.0 40.12 100cm 80.5 78.2 76.1 82.2 83.2 80.04 150cm 115.5 114.2 113.0 109.8 117.3 113.96 200cm 142.2 137.7 144.9 143.0 146.4 142.84 250cm 177.8 180.1 183.1 189.4 182.5 182.58 The average of the results is calculated as follows: (T 1 + T2 +T3 + T4 + T5) / 5 Put into context: (40.6 + 41.4 + 39.5 + 39.1 + 40.0) / 5 = 200.7 / 5 = 40.14cm Graph Average Graph Energy of the Ball To prove that energy transfer takes place, I decided to calculate the potential energies of the ball before and after it has been bounced. To calculate potential energy, the formula PE = MGH is used where: M is the mass of the ball. G is the gravity (9.81m/s ²). H is the height of the ball. The mass of the ball is 4.8g. Initial height of Ball Amount of Potential Energy at Initial Position 50cm 23.6 J 100cm 47.1 J 150cm 70.6 J 200cm 94.2 J 250cm 117.8 J Final height of ball (Average) Amount of Potential Energy at Final Position 40.12 18.9 J 80.04 37.7 J 113.96 53.7 J 142.84 67.3 J 182.58 86.0 J From the above tables, the change in the values of energy can easily be noticed. This can be used to show why a ball that is bounced doesnt attain the same height it is dropped from after it has been bounced. The difference in the values of potential energy can be used to show that some energy is converted into sound, heat or other energies whilst the ball is being bounced. Analysis After analyzing my results, I noticed that there was a trend amongst my readings. As the height from which the ball is increased, the corresponding height of the bounce of the ball will be high. For example, when the ball was dropped from 50cm, the average height of the bounce was 40.12cm. However, when the ball was dropped from 100cm, the average height of the bounce was 80.04cm. I also noticed that as the height from which the ball is dropped increases, the potential energy increased. For example, when the ball was dropped from 50cm, its final potential energy was 18.9 J. However, when the ball was dropped from 100cm, its final potential energy was 37.7 J. The trend here is that as the height from which the ball dropped increases, the more its potential energy will be. This therefore leads to the height of the bounce to be greater. This trend proves my hypothesis. Conclusion A bouncing ball constantly changes between kinetic energy and potential energy. When it is dropped, it slowly loses its potential energy which is converted into kinetic energy. When the ball hits the ground, it loses some of its energy in the form of heat and sound which therefore causes its overall energy to drop. Because of this energy drop, we can safely conclude that the ball cannot reach the same height as which it was dropped from due to the loss of some of its energy and therefore the speed at which it leaves the ground after the bounce will be less. As the law of conservation states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed and therefore the initial potential energy of the ball is equal to the sum of the potential energy of the ball after the bounce, the heat given off by the ball and the sound energy created by the ball. I also learnt that the higher the height that the ball is dropped from, the more its velocity will be when it hits the ground and therefore the amount of kinetic energy will be higher. (Velocity is directly proportional to Kinetic energy through the equation: http://i.ajdesigner.com/energy/kenetic_energy_equation.png I have come to the conclusion that as the height at which the ball dropped increases, the corresponding height of the bounce will be higher. However I think that eventually the height of the bounced ball becomes constant as the height at which the ball is dropped increases. This occurs when the ball reaches terminal velocity. This implies that no matter what height the ball is dropped from, the bounce height will remain constant. However this is only noticed after a certain height because the ball takes some time to reach its terminal velocity and therefore a height of approximately 100cm wont enable the ball to reach its terminal velocity. Evaluation I think my procedure and successful as my measurements were quite accurate, I ensured that I had no systematic error and tried to minimize the chances of having a random error by repeating each experiment 5 times which showed that I carried out my investigation well. I found it challenging to record the exact height of the bounced ball because it only occurs for a split second. This was the reason that I carried out the experiment 5 times, so as to ensure that my results would be reliable and accurate. In order to improve the accuracy of my results, I could have performed the experiment with a friend. Whilst one of us could have dropped the ball, the other could have recorded the height of the bounce. This could have possibly minimized error. However, my results still managed to prove my hypothesis and they were sufficient enough to make a conclusion. Another way in which I could have improved the accuracy of my results was through using a camera. If I used a camera to take a video of the experiment, I could have obtained very accurate results as the exact height of the bounce could be obtained through the use of the slow motion feature on the camera. I would have liked trying the same experiment from higher heights as well as working with energy transfers within a ball to find out how energy transfers vary as the height from which the ball is dropped changes. This would have enabled be to form a more conclusive conclusion. On the whole, I found my experiment to be successful and helped me gather a deeper understanding of the different factors that affect the bounce of a ball coupled with the various energy transfers that take place in a bouncing ball.

My Philosophy of Education Essay -- Educational Educating teaching Ess

My philosophy of education Throughout our school years we are told to decide what we want to do with our lives. I have had a hard time deciding on the right career choice for myself. During my field placement I learned that I really want to make a difference in children’s lives. The enjoyment that one gets out of seeing the looks on their students faces is rewarding. I enjoyed working with the students and now I know that becoming a teacher is for me. The purpose of education is to teach children that learning is valuable and that the mind wants and needs to grow by learning. All children can learn if they put their mind to it. Not everyone learns the same way, but we are all capable of learning. I have a cousin who is down-syndrome, he is the same age as my brother and graduated the same year I did. He graduated 4 years after he was supposed to, but he did it. His graduating class gave him a standing ovation, they were proud that he made it through. For this reason I believe that everyone can learn. He is just like a young child but he went to school and learned all that he could. Education is very important in life. Learning develops your mind and makes every person unique. As a teacher I hope to teach my students about everyday life, teach them math in a way that keeps their interests, and teach them to respect others. I want my students to respect me and look up to me and in turn I will respect them. My classroom is going to be an energetic room with students enjoying themselves, not unhappy because they have to do more math work. I hope that when my students leave my classroom they will have learned everything that I taught them. I once had a Math teacher whom all of her students loved. Sh... ...better understand. Bringing everyday activities into the classroom will be a part of my curriculum. After finishing school I would like to stay in Beckley. If there is a need for a math teacher some where else then that is where my plans will take me. After teaching for a little while my plans are to go back to school and receive a masters’ degree. One day I would like to teach college students, it would be an excellent experience in life. Teachers make a big difference in their students’ lives. One teacher could change the outlook of a student forever. Being able to make a difference is rewarding. Education shapes the world today. In any field that a person may choose there is some type of education behind it. A mechanic goes to a technical school for training, and a lawyer goes to law school. Every career available needs some form of education.

Contract and Additional Work

Gary Porter Construction v. Fox Construction, Inc. , 2004 Ut. App. 354, 101 p. 3d 371 (2004). Facts: The University of Utah was in need of a women’s Gymnastics training facility so they subcontracted Fox Construction, Inc. to complete the project. For the soil and ground work Fox Construction, Inc. subcontracted with Gary Porter Construction. Gary Porter Construction, Inc. performed their work based on specific plans as well as some work outside of the plans. The combined total from the planned project was $146,740.The additional work completed at Fox’s request cost Gary Porter construction additional costs and Fox refused to pay for the additional work done outside the subcontract. Procedure: A suit was filed by Gary Porter in the Utah State Court against Fox with alleging breech of an implied-in-fact contract. The court granted summary judgment for Porter, which Fox later appealed to a state intermediate court. Issue: If sections of a contract are left out by mistake, is the contract still valid and enforceable? Were all the requirements of an implied-in-fact contract met?Holding: Yes Reasoning: The appellate court affirmed the lower courts summary judgment in favor of Porter. Fox knew that the additional work that Porter did would be followed up with an additional charge. Fox should have known that there would have been additional costs for the work outside of the planned procedure. Porter completed the work only after Fox’s manager requested it and it was implied to be additional from the start. The additional work not planned in the subcontract was valued at $161,309. 08 as well as the $135,441. 62 contacted value.The issue of the sections being mistakenly not represented in the contract is voided because Fox did not inform Porter about what all needed to be included. Decision and Remedy: Gary Porter Construction won against Fox Construction, Inc. Fox was ordered to pay Porter the balance of $161,309. 08 for the work done but was exclu ded in the original contract. Blackmon v. Iverson, 324 F. supp. 2d 602 (2005). Facts: In 1987 Jamil Blackmon met a promising high school basketball star, Allen Iverson. Blackmon supported Allen Iverson financially and provided other forms of support for his family as well, realizing his athletic potential.In 1994 Jamil Blackmon proposed a new nickname for the basketball star â€Å"The Answer†. The nickname would represent Mr. Iverson with clothing, sports apparel, and basketball shoes. Mr. Blackmon presented the idea to Allen and Allen agreed to give Blackmon 25 percent of profits from the nickname. Iverson was later drafted by the Philadelphia 76ers. After many months, Iverson entered a contract with Reebok, a shoe company, to manufacture, market, and sell a line of sportswear using the same nickname, â€Å"The Answer†. Blackmon moved to Philadelphia at the request of Mr. Iverson and has requested 25 percent of the profits on many occasions.Allen Iverson continues to receive pay from Reebok from the continuing product line. Procedure: Mr. Blackmon filed a suit in Federal District Court against Mr. Iverson for breach of an express contract to which Allen Iverson filed a motion to dismiss. Issue: Is past consideration sufficient to create a binding contract? Is continuous gracious conduct in exchange for a promise a valid consideration? Holding: No Reasoning: The court’s reasoning was fully based on past consideration. Mr. Iverson allegedly promised 25 percent of his profits because of three forms of consideration.First, Blackmon provided him with the nickname â€Å"The Answer†. Second, he helped Allen Iverson’s family, and third, he moved to Philadelphia when Iverson was drafted there. Mr. Iverson offered to pay Mr. Blackmon 25 percent long before entering a contract with Reebok. These forms of past consideration make the contract invalid. There were no valid forms of consideration to make a valid express contract between the two men. Decision and Remedy: Allen Iverson won the case. The United States District Court, eastern District of Pennsylvania, granted Allen Iverson’s motion to dismiss.Vokes v. Arthur Murray, Inc. , 212 So. 2d 906 (Ct. App. Fl. 1986). Facts: Audrey E. Vokes, a widow with no family, had a passion for dancing and wanted to become a successful dancer and find a new interest in life. In 1961 Arthur Murray, Inc. , a franchise that has taught about 20 million people to dance, invited Audrey to a dance party. When she attended her instructors told her about her potential as a successful dancer due to her excellent grace and poise. After being told about her â€Å"good† potential, she bought eight half-hour dances for $14. 50 each to be used in one month.Throughout the next sixteen months she continued to buy these lessons totaling $31,090. 45. Ms. Vokes eventually began to realize that her instructors were only telling her what she wanted to hear and she was not actually goo d at dancing. Procedure: Vokes filed a suit against Arthur Murray, Inc. for fraudulent misrepresentation. After being dismissed in trial court, Vokes appealed her complaint to the District Court of Florida. Issue: If a party possesses expertise, can a statement of opinion be regarded as a statement of fact and be actionable? Holding: Yes.Reasoning: Misrepresentation cannot regard opinions; they must contain facts. If one party has a statement that could be considered an opinion, it could result being a factual statement based on the amount of superior knowledge contained by that party. Using the â€Å"reasonable person† method, Vokes would potentially have reason to believe that Arthur Murray Inc. has superior knowledge of her dance potential. When her instructors Revels v. Miss America Organization, __N. C. __, 641 S. E. 2d 721 (2007). Facts: Miss North Carolina Pageant Organization, Inc. (MNCPO) is a franchise of Miss America Organization (MAO).Under contract between these two parties, MNCPO holds a state competition to select a finalist for the national competition ran by MAO. On June 22, 2002, Rebekah Revels was selected to be Mrs. North Carolina. On July19, 2002 an anonymous e-mail said came out stating that Mrs. Revels cohabitated with a male non-relative and that nude photos of her existed. Mrs. Revels came out and confirmed that the photos existed. MAO and MNCPO approached Revels and asked her to resign from her position as Miss North Carolina or else she would be excluded from the national competition.On July 23, 2002 Mrs. Revels ended up resigning from her Miss North Carolina position. Procedure: Revels resulted in filing a suit in the North Carolina state court against MAO, MNCPO, and other organizations for breach of contract. The court issued a summary judgment in MAO’s favor to which Revels appealed to a state intermediate appellate court. Issue: Must a contract be executed for the direct, and not incidental, benefit of the third pa rty in order to assert rights as a third party beneficiary? Holding: Yes.Reasoning: A person isn’t the direct beneficiary of a contract if the contract benefits that person but wasn’t intended to benefit that person. A person is the direct beneficiary of a contract only if the contracting parties intend to confer a legally enforceable benefit directly to that person. Revels was unable to prove that MAO’s contract was intended to have her be the sole beneficiary because anyone who wins can be the beneficiary under the franchise agreement. The agreement did state that the MAO will accept the MNCPO winner but this does not show that Mrs.Revels was the intended beneficiary of this agreement. Rebekah Revels was an incidental beneficiary of the agreement because she won the pageant and does not have enforceable rights against Miss America Organization based on their agreement with MISS north Carolina Pageant Organization Inc. Decision and Remedy: Based on the agreemen t between the two organizations, Revels was an incidental beneficiary and therefore couldn’t maintain any actions against them. The state intermediate appellate court affirmed the lower court’s decision in favor of MAO.

Journeys- Robert Frost

â€Å"It's the journey not the arrival that matters† as journeys are often a metaphor for that which transcends the physical realms of one's travels. It is the medium for arrival that allows for the opportunity for self-discovery. The complexities of life as revealed throughout Robert Frost's poetry, use ordinary, physical journeys in nature to demonstrate how journeys often reach beyond the physical sense in which they are composed. Similarly, the novel Thirteen Reasons Why by Jay Asher and the short film, â€Å"Harvie Krumpet,† present the plight of ordinary people and the life changing possibilities of journeys.An equally prominent theme is the occurrence of the need for changing paths as obstacles arise and the effect such change has upon the arrival. These texts demonstrate how the intended destination is often not the final destination. The composers, through the use of a variety of literary and filmic techniques show these similar themes throughout the texts. Con sequently, the composers are able to present their understanding of the concept of journeys Frost's poem, â€Å"The Road Not Taken,† is an extended metaphor for lost possibilities or missed opportunities.The persona reflects upon the impacts of a decision and, perchance, what may have been. This is evident in, â€Å"I shall be telling this with a sigh/ Somewhere ages and ages hence. † Thus, the responder can conceive the persona is dubious as to whether the right decision has been made. Furthermore, the text contains repetition of the image of two roads diverging. This symbolises the arising of pivotal moments where decision are required. This aids the responder to connect with the persona as in every part of life decisions are required and choices are often difficult to arrive at.Frost also conveys the idea that journeys have a tendency to flow smoothly whether the outcomes are positive or negative. This is portrayed through the consistent rhyme scheme throughout the stanzas. The flowing rhyme scheme enables the reader to become immersed within, and to concentrate heavily upon, the hidden meanings within the text. Balanced against this is Asher’s novel, Thirteen Reasons Why, which portrays the notion that journeys are impacted upon by the decisions that individuals make, altering the course rather than sailing smoothly along the original path.Asher suggests that the final destination constantly changes as obstacles arise and are overcome, consequently allowing for self-discovery along the path. Asher demonstrates how journeys are not a solo venture. Often journeys commence within an individual but are impacted upon by the actions of others. For instance, Hannah Baker commits suicide after constant mistreatment by her peers. Her journey commenced trying to find a sense of belonging. Unfortunately, this didn’t occur and dire consequences were to be the result.This is evident in the use of ellipses to represent hesitation, reflection and the severity of consequence when Hannah states, â€Å"Do not take me for granted†¦ again,† and, †A lot of you cared, just not enough. And that†¦ that is what I needed to find out. † As a result, the responder can connect with Hannah through empathy and the understanding that self-discovery relies heavily upon the journey and the events throughout rather than arriving at the destination. Similarly, the short film, â€Å"Harvie Krumpet,† exhibits the similar theme that obstacles will be required to be overcome.Harvie’s journey is one of self-discovery that transcends the physical realms of the loss of his parents, his migration and the development of Alzheimer’s. On the contrary to Thirteen Reasons Why, Harvie retains a positive outlook on life and this enables him to constantly strive for success. Every person is unique, thus, people undertake their own unique journeys. The responder is immediately informed Harvie is unique throug h the use of subtitles at the commencement of the film. â€Å"Some are born great, some have greatness thrust upon them – others are just different. †Harvie’s life experiences are juxtaposed with his near always-cheerful attitude. Harvie must adapt to a foreign lifestyle after migrating to Australia yet his spirit never dies. This forces the responder into self-reflection, considering things transcending the physical realms and discovering the inner strength to continue the journey. However, Harvie’s unfortunate circumstance isn’t permanent unlike the impermanency of nature as revealed in Frost’s poem, â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay. † Frost uses this text to demonstrate that nature’s beauty can never remain when, â€Å"Nature’s first green is gold/ Her hardest hue to hold. The effect of this couplet is to inform the responder that often what is desired can’t last. Contained within the third couplet is an allusion t o the Bible and the Garden of Eden, â€Å"Then leaf subsides to leaf/ So, Eden sank to grief. † This demonstrates how the perfection the Garden of Eden was impermanent and shows the responder that change is inescapable. The extremely simple diction of monosyllabic words throughout the entire eight-line poem helps the text to flow smoothly in the same way as â€Å"The Road Not Taken. †Frost also uses â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay,† to reveal how innocence changes as self-discovery occurs. Self-discovery transforms the individual and Frost uses the symbolism of a flower to demonstrate the changes occurring during life. â€Å"Her early leaf’s a flower/ But only so an hour. † Ultimately, all the composers demonstrate complimentary themes that demonstrate how it is the journey not the arrival that matters. Journeys are the medium that allows for the transcendence of physical realms and the development as an individual in the process.

How to Make Your Blog Pay for Your Sweat Equity

How to Make Your Blog Pay for Your Sweat Equity When I began blogging in 2009, I never thought it would become an important income stream that would greatly enhance my writing business. Like most â€Å"serious† writers, I saw blogging simply as a means to an end. It was an avenue to build a platform and interest potential publishers and agents for future projects. And everybody was doing it†¦ Fast forward, it’s 2013. And my blog for writers has paid off big in exchange for over 400 posts, endless hours of creativity, and pounding the virtual pavement to get noticed. And yours can too. Break through your blog fog and earn money for your investment. But, before you begin implementing these money-making strategies, your blog must meet certain criteria for optimal success. 1. It must be professional in content and design, with a specific niche and a clearly identifiable target audience. 2. It must provide social proof. Success breeds success. This can be demonstrated through testimonials from satisfied clients, the number of followers you have, or icons reflecting awards your blog has won or industry recognition. For example, in a very prominent place on my site, I display my â€Å"Best of the Web† designation, and my Writing-World.com’s recognition for â€Å"Awesome Blogs†. 3. It must show consistent updates and maintenance. This conveys a sense of commitment, and builds credibility and trust. 4. It must provide good take-away value.    Now let’s look at your money-making strategies: Ad Placement: There is a common misconception that in order to make money through ads, a blogger must have â€Å"super-starâ€Å" status, a massive following, or be willing to settle for a few bucks a month in ad clicks. Not true. Over the last few years, I have earned thousands of dollars, and have had well-known companies and authors such as Good Earth Tea, Healing Hands Massage Clinic, Five Star Publications, and novelist Randy Richardson place ads for their books and services at my spot. If you’d like to experience something similar, you can either pitch individuals or organizations directly, or place a tab on your site that says â€Å"advertise here†. Be sure to have your current stats available, and be able to explain how placing an ad with you can help advertisers to reach their goals and their target market. In other words, what’s in it for them? Blogging Jobs: Using my blog as an oline resume has helped me to hook new clients for my ghost writing, marketing, and other creative services. Through it and testimonials, I have been hired to set up other writers’ blogs, provide creative consultations, and even contribute to e-book projects. Contests and Competitions: Most people don’t see contests as a way of making money through their blogs. But it is. Money can be made both directly and indirectly. For example, a pivotal point in my blogging career came years ago when I placed as a Top 10 Finalist at Write to Done’s annual competition. Though I didn’t get a monetary gift, it gave me mad creative props with blogging peers, and my first paying advertiser. A friend of mine actually won $500 with her blog, through a theme-based contest. It could happen to you! Blogging is a lot of hard work. Follow these timely tips to get a greater return on your sweat equity, with less trial and error.

Choose one art piece , and a theory that can be related to that art Essay

Choose one art piece , and a theory that can be related to that art piece and relate the theory and the art piece - Essay Example However, the theories are inaccurate, in exhaustive, bias and incomplete (Winona State U 1). This paper focuses on â€Å"The Last Supper† painting by Leonardo da Vinci and analyzes the art through imitation theory of art. Imitation theory considers art as an imitation of life, thus art resembles actual objects, events or even persons. Moreover, the imitation generates aesthetic response within the audience (Jahn 1). The painting was done by Leonardo da Vinci in the period 1495-1498 and forms part of famous artworks in the world. Leonardo, an artist, engineer, scientist, humanist, author, inventor, and architect was a great man born 1452 in Italy and died 1519 (The Metropolitan Museum of Art 1). This big fresco like artwork was done on the wall of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan city, Italy is a false fresco since the painting was done on a dry wall rather than a wet wall. The painting is a perfect subject and match for dining hall within a monastery and depicts the ritual meal as a form of religious ceremony among Christians. Therefore, Leonardo’s work imitates the Last Supper where Christ shared his final meal with the disciples before arrest and crucifixion. He tells his disciples that he will be betrayed by one of them and soon depart from them. In the group of threes, various disciples react to the news with group on the far left looking surprised. They could probably think that they cannot betray their master. In the next group, there could be Judas who appears to hold a bag that could contain silver (The Metropolitan Museum of Art 1). Sitting behind him is Peter, the number one disciple of Jesus and who appears angered by the statement. The other person next to Peter is a probably a younger apostle who appears to swoon. The Last Supper painting is a form of imitation theory resembling the actual biblical event whereby Christ had his last meals with the

How changes in technology and the emergence of a global economy might Essay

How changes in technology and the emergence of a global economy might affect college graduates seeking jobs , and what new skill - Essay Example First of all, communication across cultures is the most important skill one should possess in the global economy. It is essential in the present business world to communicate with people from various cultural backgrounds. Undoubtedly, today’s workplace is rapidly becoming vast as business spreads to new geographic locations. So, knowing how to communicate with various cultures will make business transactions and management easy. Thus, recognizing cultural differences can ensure that the business transactions are successful. In fact, people from dissimilar cultural backgrounds have different ways of communication. This may result in poor communication, and consequently in misunderstanding and frustration. In such a global business arena, it becomes necessary for management students to have good cross cultural communication skills. In fact, the consequences of poor cross-cultural communication are plenty. In the opinion of Don W. Prince et al, they are â€Å"lost confidence, lo st customers, lost business relationships, and lost opportunities† (Prince & Hoppe, 2007, p. 30). The second important skill is computer skills. One cannot think about a business in the modern day world that functions without the aid of a computer. Presently, computer is used by employees at all levels in a company.

Benetton Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Benetton - Speech or Presentation Example For example that of children working in developing nations at a construction location. The young people constitute a large part of Benetton’s group of customers. As the company foresees, young people have a major amount of income that they are ready to spend on its products. Thus, they have been termed as the generation â€Å"X.† (Rectanus, 2002). The generation is made up of persons between the ages of 16 and 27 (Rectanus, 2002). The reason being they are more connected with the media, which Benetton uses to sell its products. They also have the sense aspect of style that comes with most of its products. This generation also makes up the youth, ages 10 to 24. It is worthy to note that the youth make up 29 % and 19 % of the population in developing and developed countries respectively (Mueller, 2011). Hence, majority of its youth customers are in the middle social class in developed and developing nations. The amount of income that is generated from the youth is considerable bearing in mind the youth in the world are said to have the ability to spend US $100 billion. Thus its sales amount to more than $2 billion from the youth (Information Resources Management Association, 1994). In order to get to maximally market its products to the youth, it has to ensure its technological features are strong as the youth are becoming more and more reliant on technology. Hence, it has to be a step ahead technologically. Benetton utilises computer facilities of high technology to design and cut the attire it produces. The machines it uses are connected to the micro-computers that use the CAD-CAM software. The company has what is normally termed as the Benetton system. The system ensures that there is an intricate network in place for quick product delivery to shops around the globe. The system made up of the information systems and the company is run as whole from the company; hence, the company is known as

Internet Censorship Essay Example for Free

Internet Censorship Essay Introduction Censorship had always been a subject of debate among those who want media to be censored and those who feel that censorship is a violation of the freedom of speech. The internet has not escaped the issue of censorship. The internet is an information highway and no other form of media is as pervasive and far reaching. Those who favor censoring the internet feels that there should be some form of protection for minors and all people from viewing offensive materials on the internet while those who are against it believes that people should be given the right to choose what to view or not as stated in the first amendment. This paper discusses the arguments for the need to censor the internet and why it should not be censored. Background With the observed prevalence of indecent language and obscene pictures in the internet, groups and organizations have called on for the censorship of the internet. The government’s response to this call was the Communications Decency Act of 1996 which was passed into law by the United States Congress; the act would regulate the forms of speech in the internet (Wallace Mangan, 1996). The law was seen by pro-censorship groups as a way of minimizing immoral content in the internet which might have contributed to the moral degeneration of our society (Qazi, 1996). A year after, the Supreme Court ruled that the CDA was unconstitutional and in turn protected the first amendment (EPIC, 2002). The victory of the free speech proponents over the CDA was short lived, in 1998; the Child Online Protection Act was signed into law by President Clinton which in essence took after the CDA. The COPA mandated criminal penalties for commercially distributing materials harmful to minors including indecent speech (EPIC, 2004). The enactment of COPA again resulted to heated debates and protests over the unconstitutionality of the law, and the free speech protesters were not disappointed. In 2004, after a series of Supreme Court ruling against the COPA, it maintained the injunction on the enforcement of the law. Communications Decency Act of 1996 The President signed the Communications Decency Act into law in January 1996; the act criminalizes indecent speech on the internet. The act identifies that speech depicting sexual organs and acts, excretory organs and acts in a patently offensive fashion under contemporary community standards as indecent speech (Wallace Mangan, 1996). The dubious and vague definition of indecency and the standards by which a word (pure text) is judged to be obscene have made the act questionable. In fact, the CDA was met with violent reactions because it proved to be too restrictive and did not account for situations wherein sexually explicit words have to be used but has scientific, literary, artistic or political values. The act also stated that indecency will be judged based on it being patently offensive, which in practice allows a jury to judge the material as indecent based on how they feel about it, regardless of its scientific, literary or artistic value. Moreover, it also permitted the community to determine the standards by which indecency can be measured. This is unrealistic, for every community or state has its own cultural standards and asking people to use words or materials that are acceptable to each community means restricting speech to the most conservative standards. On the other hand, the Morality in Media, the National Law Center for Children and Families, the National Coalition for the Protection of Children and Families and the Family Research Council, who are pro-CDA argue that the CDA does not infringe upon the first amendment. The act accordingly updates and amends Federal obscenity statutes and dial-a-porn laws and that it requires adults who use patently offensive sexual expression to place blinders on their pornography. Further, they point out that what is indecent is well known to the general public and the mass media and that the court should re-interpret the law to be applied only to prurient pornography (McCullagh, 1996). The Supreme Court easily ruled that the CDA was unconstitutional due to the fact that the act tries to restrict content and this is in direct violation of the first amendment. Child Online Protection Act of 1998 The Child Online Protection Act is another effort to censor the content of the internet. It is different from the CDA in that it specifies that children should be protected from harmful language and materials made available in the internet. Thus violators will be subjected to steep fines and prison terms. As with the case with the CDA the COPA also is judged to be too restrictive. It mandates that all material or written text in the internet be acceptable to children, thus it would mean that the content of the internet is limited to children only. In this respect the act states that identifying data should be provided by adults like credit cards to determine their age, but is also discriminatory to those adults who do not have credit cards. Thus the act again is a threat to the freedom of speech that is a fundamental and basic right to each human being. The Supreme Court also finds the act unconstitutional and even after a series of appeals and injunctions; it has maintained that the act cannot be enforced into law. Meanwhile, those who endorse the COPA articulate that the act is dissimilar from the CDA because it applies to commercial pornographic sites. In an attempt to refute the arguments of those against the COPA, the pro groups reiterate that it is economically and technically feasible for the identified sites to check for the age of the surfers and that defining what is harmful to minors is not vague and complicated and can easily be implemented by the states (Macavinta, 1999). They feel that the COPA is needed at this time and age because of the necessity of protecting our children from being corrupted by harmful materials in the internet that may be a cause for abuse and exploitation (Macavinta, 1998). Conclusions Efforts to censor the internet have failed because as an interactive medium it is a vehicle for the expression of man’s freedom of speech. Any attempt by the government to restrict it is a violation of the fundamental human rights of each individual in this democratic country. But the justification for the need of a law to protect children from pornography and violent materials in any form is undeniably valid and should be also be respected. The Supreme Court has also supported the free speech groups in their fight against censorship and is undeniably a champion of the first amendment, but it does not mean that the SC do not give due importance to children’s welfare and safety but striking a balance between the freedom of speech and censorship is a difficult battle to win. Bibliography Communications Decency Act (February 2, 2002). Electronic Privacy Information Center, Retrieved April 20, 2006 from http://www. epic. org/free_speech/cda/ Internet Censorship (February 1, 2002). Electronic Privacy Information Center, RetrievedApril 20, 2006 from http://www. epic. org/free_speech/censorship/ Macavinta, C. (1998). Suit filed against CDA II, CNET News. com, Retrieved April 21, 2006 from http://news. com. com/Suit+filed+against+CDA+II/2100-1023_3-217005. html? tag=st. rn Macavinta, C. (1999). DOJ to wrap up pro-COPA testimony, CNET News. com, Retrieved April 21, 2006 from http://news. com. com/DOJ+to+wrap+up+pro-COPA+testimony/2100-1023_3-220574. html McCullagh, D. (1996). The CDA challenge: The battle of the briefs. Retrieved April 21, 2006 from http://www. xent. com/spring96/0582. html Qazi, U. (1996). The internet censorship controversy, Retrieved April 21, 2006 from http://courses. cs. vt. edu/~cs3604/lib/Censorship/notes. html#6 The Legal Challenge to the Child Online Protection Act (June 29, 2004). Electronic Privacy Information Center, Retrieved April 20, 2006 from http://www. epic. org/free_speech/copa/ Wallace, J. Mangan, M. (1996). The Internet Censorship FAQ, Retrieved April 20, 2006 from http://www. spectacle. org/freespch/faq. htm Notes: Actual Materials Cited †¢ Wallace, J. Mangan, M. (1996). The Internet Censorship FAQ, Retrieved April 20, 2006 from http://www.spectacle. org/freespch/faq. htm What threats of censorship exist for the Internet? The principal threat of Internet censorship today is the Communications Decency Act, a law passed by Congress and signed by the President in January, 1996 which would apply quite radical regulations to speech on the Internet. What is the Communications Decency Act (CDA)? The CDA criminalizes indecent speech on the Internet. One section of the CDA defines indecency as speech depicting or describing sexual or excretory acts or organs in a patently offensive fashion under contemporary community standards. Each of these clausesindecent, depicting or describing, patently offensive, and contemporary community standardshides a landmine threatening the future of freedom of speech in this country. †¢ Communications Decency Act (February 2, 2002). Electronic Privacy Information Center, Retrieved April 20, 2006 from http://www. epic. org/free_speech/cda/ In a landmark decision issued on June 26,1997, the Supreme Court held that the Communications Decency Act violated the First Amendments guarantee of freedom of speech. †¢ The Legal Challenge to the Child Online Protection Act (June 29, 2004). Electronic Privacy Information Center, Retrieved April 20, 2006 from http://www. epic. org/free_speech/copa/ In October 1998, Congress passed and President Clinton signed into law the Child Online Protection Act (COPA), the sequel to CDA. COPA establishes criminal penalties for any commercial distribution of material harmful to minors. †¢ McCullagh, D. (1996). The CDA challenge: The battle of the briefs. Retrieved April 21, 2006 from http://www. xent. com/spring96/0582. html. The arguments advanced in the brief a joint venture of Morality in Media, the National Law Center for Children and Families, the Family Research Council, Enough is Enough! , and the National Coalition for the Protection of Children and Families center around one concept: indecency means pornography. That idea stinks like, well, a rotten egg. Their argument, which mirrors the DoJs, goes as follows: 1. The CDA merely updates and amends Federal obscenity statutes and dial-a-porn laws. 2. All the CDA does is require adults who use patently offensive sexual expression to put electronic blinder racks in front of their pornography. 3. The test for indecency is not vague or overbroad and does not apply to serious works of literature, art, science, and politics. 4. What is indecent is well known to the public and the operators of mass communications media facilities. (If indecency is too vague, the CDA is unconstitutional. ) 5. The court has an obligation to interpret these sections narrowly. That is, the three-judge panel should *reinterpret* the CDA to affect only prurient pornography. Taylor calls this judicial narrowing, and when I spoke with him he insisted that it was what the court will do. †¢ Macavinta, C. (1998). Suit filed against CDA II, CNET News. com, Retrieved April 21, 2006 from http://news. com. com/Suit+filed+against+CDA+II/2100-1023_3-217005. html? tag=st. rn The law simply extends into cyberspace laws that protect children from pornography off the Net, Shyla Welch, director of communication for Enough is Enough, which lobbied for the legislation, said today. †¢ Macavinta, C. (1999). DOJ to wrap up pro-COPA testimony, CNET News. com, Retrieved April 21, 2006 from http://news.com. com/DOJ+to+wrap+up+pro-COPA+testimony/2100-1023_3-220574. html Proponents of COPA say it is different from the CDA in that it only applies to sites selling pornography. Witnesses will testify today that it is economically and technically feasible for these sites to check surfers IDs through credit cards, adult PINs, or digital signatures. Justice Department witnesses will testify that Web sites will not be harmed financially by the lawand that defining harmful to minors is not as complicated as the ACLU makes it out to be. After all, 48 states have harmful to minors laws on the books, they will argue. †¢ Qazi, U. (1996). The internet censorship controversy, Retrieved April 21, 2006 from http://courses. cs. vt. edu/~cs3604/lib/Censorship/notes. html#6 Both public and private interest groups have shown great concern for the content of material available via the Internet. They are driven by deeply rooted religious and ethical beliefs. They feel that the Internet is a medium that is being abused to allow extremists, unethical, and immoral individuals to corrupt society.